Ontario

a small boat illustration

a quick, classic, casual wagering game for up to 5 players

Ontario is a game for 5 players, played for a wager. It’s a quick and light game, with just a little strategy and a little luck. If you don't have 5 players, ‟dummy” hands can stand in. Each player tries to assemble two or three matching cards, and the highest ranked hand wins.

The Wager

At the start of the hand, each player wagers one chip, dollar, fortune cookie, candy, household chore voucher, item of clothing... whatever you’d like to play for.

If you have more than 5 players, you can rotate who plays each hand. Take turns playing as dealer, and deal to the next 5 players to your right. Players sitting out can make side bets, or just eat snacks.

The Deal

The dealer shuffles the pack and deals two cards to each player. The pack consists of 22 cards in 4 suits. 3s, Jacks, Queens, Kings, Aces, and two Jokers.

After dealing two cards to each player, the dealer lays five cards face down in the center of the table. Two cards are set aside in the pit.

The Exchange

Starting with the player to the dealer’s right, players have the opportunity to exchange for cards in the center. First the player chooses how many cards they’d like to exchange. That can be 0, 1, or both of their cards. They discard the chosen cards face up, revealing them to the table. Then they choose that many face down cards and add them to their hand.

There are 5 players, and 5 face down cards, but a player can exchange two cards if they want. And you must take face down cards from the table. This can cause some problems for players at the end of the line. If there is only one face down card on the table, then you only get to exchange one card. If there are no face down cards, no exchange, sorry. (If you play with a separate dealer, pass a button around and rotate who exchanges first.)

If you’re playing with dummy hands, just have them discard one of their cards randomly, and take the leftmost card from the table.

The Upcard

After the players have finished exchanging cards, the dealer deals each player one last card. Traditionally this last card is dealt face up; this allows others in the room to place side bets based on the exchanges and upcards. In a casual game it doesn’t really matter. At this point all of the cards should be dealt out, except for the two in the pit.

The Ranking

Hands are ranked as follows:

Triple Threes
A natural hand of three 3s is the highest-ranking hand.
Natural Triples
Three matching cards without a Joker.
Wild Triples
Two matching cards, plus a Joker.
Natural Pairs
Two matching cards, no Joker.
Wild Pairs
A Joker paired with any other card.

A natural pair or triple is formed without a Joker. A wild pair or triple uses a Joker to complete the set.

If two players have a hand with the same ranking, the ranking of their pair or triple breaks the tie. Aces are high, followed by King, Queen, Jack, then Three. Note that while a natural triple three is the highest hand, a wild triple three is ranked lower than any other wild triple.

If two players have pairs of the same rank, it is a draw, and they split the pot. You do not use the off card to break the tie.

If, somehow, nobody manages to form a scoring hand... just add more to the wager for the next round.


I developed Ontario while thinking about making a little game about simulated patrons gambling at a casino. Originally I had planned to use James Ernest’s Prima Carta as the game at the core of the simulation. James wrote a novella centered around games of Prima Carta, played in ‟Djegos” where the majority of the gambling took place outside the game itself, in side bets. That seemed really interesting! I started thinking about making little ‟Roller Coaster Tycoon”-style patrons that would have their own little wallet, biases, track record, and preferences.

When I sat down to start working on the project though, I turned to the deck of cards on my desk and thought I should at least try making my own game to focus the simulation on. I ended up making Ontario.

I’m quite happy with the small pack of cards, which reminds me of Piquet and Schnapsen. I'm also happy with the very casual nature of it; sometimes we just want a low brainpower game to relax and hang out with. (The opposite of Schnapsen...)

The way the exchanges are structured gives later players in the turn order more information, but also can cause them to get locked out of exchanging cards at all. This adds just a little tension and interest to the game. Every card that's revealed is a card you can’t possibly draw in the final phase... The last player might know four exchanged cards, plus the two cards in their own hand. And they might be able to guess about one or two cards held by other players. (If you discard a King, I'm thinking you might have an Ace left in your hand you're trying to pair up.) You can end up having an idea of a third of the cards in play.

Some of the other quirks in the rules, like the pit and the upcards, serve to power side bets and manufacture a house edge in a casino environment.

I hope you’ll give the game a try, and may the dealer hand you a fistful of threes!